Dual beam system

ABSTRACT

A dual beam system includes an ion beam system and a scanning electron microscope with a magnetic objective lens. The ion beam system is adapted to operate optimally in the presence of the magnetic field from the SEM objective lens, so that the objective lens is not turned off during operation of the ion beam. An optional secondary particle detector and an optional charge neutralization flood gun are adapted to operate in the presence of the magnetic field. The magnetic objective lens is designed to have a constant heat signature, regardless of the strength of magnetic field being produced, so that the system does not need time to stabilize when the magnetic field is changed.

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/889,967, filed on Jul. 13, 2004, which claims priority from U.S. Provisional Pat. App. 60/487,792, filed Jul. 14, 2003, both of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to charged particle beam systems, and in particular to systems including an ion beam column and an electron beam column using a magnetic objective lens.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Charged particle beam systems are used in a variety of applications, including the manufacturing, repair, and inspection of miniature devices, such as integrated circuits, magnetic recording heads, and photolithography masks. Dual beam systems often include a scanning electron microscope (SEM) that can provide a high-resolution image with minimal damage to the target, and an ion beam system, such as a focused or shaped beam system, that can be used to alter substrates and to form images.

One common application for a dual beam system is to expose a buried portion of a substrate and then to form an image of the exposed surface. For example, a focused or shaped ion beam can be used to make a vertical cut in a substrate to expose a cross sectional surface, and then an electron beam can be scanned over the newly exposed surface to form an image of it.

One difficulty with such systems is that the final lens of the scanning electron microscope produces a magnetic field, which alters the trajectory of the ion beam and also interferes with various other functions of the dual beam system. For example, an image or information about the composition of the substrate can be obtained by collecting secondary particles ejected as the primary ion beam strikes target. The magnetic field of the SEM, however, changes the path of the secondary particles and makes them difficult to collect.

When a work piece in a charged particle beam system is composed of an insulating material, such as quartz, the work piece tends to accumulate electrical charge that adversely affects the primary beams and secondary particles. One method of neutralizing the change entails the use of an electron flood gun that directs electrons to the work piece to neutralize positive charge. An electron flood gun differs from an electron microscope in that the flood gun lack precise optics options and produces a relatively broad beam of low energy electrons. The magnetic field of the SEM changes the path of the neutralizing electrons from the flood gun and makes it difficult to direct them accurately toward the work piece.

A common solution to this problem of the magnetic field interference is to turn off the SEM when using the ion beam or when using certain functions of the ion beam system. For example, the SEM can be switched off to allow collection of the ion beam induced secondary particles or when using a charge neutralization flood gun. Turning the SEM lens on and off creates its own set of problems.

The magnetic objective lens of an SEM uses a significant electrical current and therefore generates a significant amount of heat, the heat being proportional to the square of the current. The heat dissipated by an SEM causes components of the dual beam system to expand. The resolution of an SEM, being on the order of magnitude of nanometers requires a very stable physical platform, and the system therefore requires a significant amount of time after being turned on to reach thermal equilibrium and become stable. As the resolution of systems has increased, stability has become more important, and longer waits are required. Charged particle beam systems were originally used only in laboratories to analyze samples, and the time to reach thermal equilibrium was acceptable. Systems are now being used as production equipment and such delays are unacceptable.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,345,152 for a “Magnetic Lens” describes an electron lens that uses two coils having equal numbers of turns wound in opposite directions. By altering the allocation of current between the two coils, the magnetic field could be adjusted to focus the electron beam while maintaining a constant total current, and therefore a constant heat output. Using two lenses of equal turns allows the magnetic field to be varied or even cancelled without changing the total electrical current in the lens. Thus, the magnetic field could be eliminated without changing the heat output of the lens.

The surface viewed by the SEM is often oriented at a non-perpendicular angle to the SEM axis, so one part of the work piece is closer to the lens than another part. To compensate for the difference in distance, some SEMs change the focus of the objective lens during the scan and can therefore produce a clearer image. This is often referred to as “dynamic focusing.” Dynamic focusing requires the ability to rapidly change the magnetic field, which requires rapidly changing the electrical current in the objective lens coils. The coil inductance, which is related to the number of turns of the coil, resists a current change.

The two equal coils in U.S. Pat. No. 4,345,152 have high inductance and cannot be changed rapidly. It is also known to use a separate, small lens for dynamic focusing. Such lenses have low inductance, but changing the lens current changes the power dissipation of the lens, which can upset the thermal equilibrium of the system, thereby reducing resolution.

If one designed a dual beam system to compensate for the effects of a constant magnetic field from the SEM objective lens, the problem would not be solved completely, because the magnetic field is not constant. To keep the SEM in focus, the magnetic field of the objective lens is changed depending upon the height of the work piece, the magnification, and the electron energy. In some system, it is possible to reduce the operating variation in the magnetic field by using “retarding field optics,” that is, changing the voltage of the work piece to change the focus of the electron beam, rather than changing the magnetic field in the objective lens. In many dual beam systems, the FIB is mounted vertically and the SEM is mounted at an angle to view to vertical cross section cut by the FIB. A system in which the SEM is tilted cannot easily use retarding field options, since the tilt eliminates the symmetry of the retarding electric field and causes undesirable aberrations in the primary electron beam and difficulty in the collection of secondary electrons.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

An object of the invention is to provide a dual beam system in which an ion beam can operate while the SEM lens has current flowing in it.

One aspect of the invention comprises a dual beam system in which the objective lens of an SEM can be energized while other functions of the system can still be used. A preferred embodiment includes several inventive aspects that are believed to be separately patentable. The SEM produces a constant heat generation so that the system does not need extra time to reach thermal equilibrium when the magnetic field strength is changed to focus the beam. In some embodiments, a charge neutralization flood gun is positioned so that the magnetic field helps to direct the neutralizing electrons to the target. In some embodiments, steering electrodes in the flood gun alter the beam direction to compensate for changes in the magnetic field.

Some embodiments include a secondary particle detector that is positioned such that the magnetic field of the SEM lens helps in the collection of secondary particles. Another embodiment uses monoisotopic gallium that eliminates blurring of the ion beam caused by the different effects of the SEM magnetic field with the different isotopes of gallium.

The foregoing has outlined rather broadly the features and technical advantages of the present invention in order that the detailed description of the invention that follows may be better understood. Additional features and advantages of the invention will be described hereinafter. It should be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the conception and specific embodiment disclosed may be readily utilized as a basis for modifying or designing other structures for carrying out the same purposes of the present invention. It should also be realized by those skilled in the art that such equivalent constructions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

For a more thorough understanding of the present invention, and the advantages thereof, reference is now made to the following descriptions taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 shows part of a dual beam system embodying aspects of the invention

FIG. 2 shows a bottom perspective view of the part of the system shown in FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 shows the desired trajectories of neutralizing electrodes in a magnetic field.

FIG. 4 shows an electron flood gun that can be used with the system of FIG. 1.

FIG. 5 shows an electron optical element used in the flood gun of FIG. 4

FIG. 6 shows a bottom view of the system of FIG. 1.

FIG. 7 shows a cross sectional view of a portion of the system of FIG. 1.

FIG. 8 is a simulation showing the trajectories of ion beam induced secondary electrons in the presence of a magnetic field.

FIG. 9 shows the desired trajectories of secondary electrons in the presence of magnetic field.

FIG. 10 is a simulation showing the preferred trajectories of secondary charged particles in the presence of magnetic field.

FIG. 11 shows a preferred scanning electron microscope column used in the system of FIG. 1.

FIG. 12 shows the trajectories of gallium ions in a focused ion beam using a source composed of naturally occurring gallium.

FIG. 13A is a focused ion beam image formed using a beam of dual isotopic gallium in the presence of the minimum magnetic field produced by the magnetic objective lens of a nearby scanning electron microscopic. FIG. 13B is a focused ion beam image formed using a beam of dual isotopic gallium in the presence of the maximum magnetic field produced by the magnetic objective lens of a nearby scanning electron microscopic.

FIG. 14 shows the trajectories of gallium ions in a focused ion beam using monoisotopic gallium.

FIG. 15A is a focused ion beam image formed using a beam of monoisotopic gallium in the presence of the minimum magnetic field produced by the magnetic objective lens of a nearby scanning electron microscopic. FIG. 15B is a focused ion beam image formed using a beam of monoisotopic gallium in the presence of the maximum magnetic field produced by the magnetic objective lens of a nearby scanning electron microscopic.

FIGS. 16A and 16B show a docking mechanism that can be used in the system of FIG. 1. FIG. 16A shows the docking mechanism in isolation mode and FIG. 16B shows the docking mechanism in docking mode.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

FIG. 1 shows a portion of a dual beam system 96 that includes a turret 98 upon which are mounted an scanning electron microscope 100, an ion beam column 102, a light microscope 105, one or more gas injection systems (GIS) 110, and an electron detector 114 that detects electrons collected through the lens of SEM 100 and deflected away from the primary electron beam axis. FIG. 2 shows the same component as seen from underneath, that is, as seen from the work piece surface. A charge neutralization flood gun 204 and a secondary particle detector 205, such as a channel detector electron multiplier (CDEM) that detects particles generated from the work piece by the impact of ions from ion beam column 102, are visible in FIG. 2.

Although the ion beam and the electron beam ideally point to the identical spot on the work piece, the physical sizes of the electron beam column and the ion beam column typically prevent them from being positioned very close to the surface and directed toward the same target spot. To have both beams pointing to the same spot, one or both beams must typically be backed away from the surface. Backing a column away from the surface increases the working distance, that is, the from the column final lens to the work piece surface. Increasing the working distance reduces the resolution of the column.

In a preferred embodiment that provides a short working distance for both columns, the impact points from the SEM 100 and the FIB 104 are offset from each other, for example, by about 50 mm. The work piece is mounted in a work piece holder or stage (not shown) that moves the work piece rapidly and accurately between the two spots depending upon which beam is being used. As the stage moves in the X-Y plane to position the work piece under the appropriate beam column, the stage also moves vertically to compensate for variations in the surface height of the work piece. Such surface height variations can be caused, for example, by warp in a semiconductor wafer.

A height sensor, such as a capacitive sensor 206 (FIG. 2), detects a change in height of the work piece surface as the stage is moved and raises or lowers the stage so that the work piece does not collide with any of the instruments in the vacuum chamber and so that the work piece is in focus regardless of which beam is being applied to the work piece. In one embodiment, the capacitive sensor 206 is conveniently mounted on and extends from optional optical microscope 105. The optical microscope 105 can be used for preliminary alignment of the work piece.

The various components of the system, such as SEM 100, FIB 102, and GISs 110, are mounted on turret 98, which comprises the upper potion of a sample vacuum chamber. The turret includes various openings upon which instruments can be mounted or which can be readily sealed if not needed. By using such a turret, different charged particle beam systems can be readily configured from the same basic system. For example, different types of detectors or different numbers of gas injection systems can be mounted onto the turret to create a special or general purpose charged particle beam system, without having to design a system entirely from scratch.

Flood Gun

The neutralizing electrons from the flood gun preferably land on the work piece at the point where the charge is accumulating, that is, near the impact point of the primary ion beam. The charge neutralizing electrons also preferably land on the work piece with a minimum of energy. In a preferred system in which the SEM objective lens is maintained in an energized state, the magnetic field from the objective lens distorts the trajectory of electrons from flood gun 204 and can make them miss the area to be neutralized. The magnetic field from the SEM objective lens is typically around 20 Gauss near the ion beam impact point on the work piece. During operation of the SEM objective lens, the magnetic field can vary by a factor of two or more, as the strength of the lens is adjusted to maintain focus under different conditions.

The magnetic field generated by the SEM objective lens affects the neutralizing electrons not only after they leave the flood gun, but also within the flood gun as the electron beam is being produced. Although it would be possible to shield the flood gun using a material of high magnetization, referred to as a “mu-metal” material, such a magnetic shield would alter the magnetic field in the vacuum chamber and would adversely affect the focusing of the SEM. One solution is to turn off the SEM lens when using charge neutralization with the FIB beam but, as described above, turning on and off the SEM objective lens upsets the thermal equilibrium of the system and necessitates a waiting period for the system to reach thermal equilibrium.

A preferred embodiment overcomes this problem by using a two-fold approach that allows charge neutralization in the presence of the variable magnetic field of the SEM objective lens. The first aspect includes positioning and orienting the flood gun in a manner that considers the effect of the magnetic field. In other words, the flood gun is positioned and oriented so that the magnetic field accelerates the neutralizing electrons toward the target, rather than away from it. FIG. 3 shows schematically the trajectories 304 of the electrons from flood gun 204 as influenced by a magnetic field 302 directed into the plane of the paper. By positioning the flood gun 204 in a preferred position and orientation, electrons from the flood gun are impact the work piece surface 306 at the correct location and at a 90 degree angle.

The second aspect of compensating for the magnetic field includes designing the flood gun for operation in a magnetic field. FIG. 4 shows a flood gun 204 useful in connection with the invention. Flood gun 204 includes two primary sections, a firing unit 404 comprising a tungsten wire that is heated to emit electrons, and an accelerating/steering/focusing unit 406 that includes electron optical parts that accelerate, steer, and focus the electrons. Both units are supported on a bracket 408 that is mounted onto the vacuum chamber. The flood gun 204 is preferably composed of non-magnetic materials to reduce distortion of the objective lens field.

Flood gun 204 includes steering electrodes that allow the beam of electrons to be directed. The beam is initially oriented to maximize the charge neutralization with an average magnetic field present. This orientation can be determined empirically. As the magnetic field changes on the SEM lens, the trajectories of the electrons in the neutralizing beam will change. The voltages on the steering electrodes are then adjusted to slightly steer the electrons back to the target to effect charge neutralization. The steering compensates to some extent for the deviation from ideal flood gun position and orientation.

In a preferred embodiment, the same optical components can be used to both focus and steer the electron beam. The preferred component includes a cylindrical electrostatic lens 502 that is split into four sections as shown in FIG. 5. A focusing voltage can be applied equally to the four elements, and a steering voltage can be superimposed on top of the focusing voltage on opposing elements. By using the same elements to steer and accelerate the beam, the electron path within the flood gun is kept short by reducing the number of components. Keeping the electron path within in the flood gun short reduces the time that the magnetic field acts on the electrons in the flood gun beam. In another embodiment, a curved flood gun can be used to compensate for the curved electron trajectory in the flood gun caused by the magnetic field.

The flood gun is also preferably positioned such that electrons leaving the flood gun will be moved by the magnetic field toward the target, rather than away from the target. The preferred position of the flood gun varies with the specific application. The preferred position for the flood gun can be determined by performing a three dimensional simulation of the magnetic field generated by the SEM objective lens and combining that field with a three dimensional simulation of the electrostatic field within the flood gun. For example, applicants used Munro electron beam simulation software available from MEBS Ltd., London, UK to simulate the electron trajectories in the various fields. The configuration of the SEM objective gun lens is input into the MEBS program, and the program then determines the magnetic fields and calculates the trajectory of the electrons from the flood gun. The position and orientation of the flood gun in the simulation can be altered until the electrons land in the desired place.

FIGS. 6 and 7 show the preferred orientations of the flood gun 204 and other components in one embodiment having a vertical FIB column 102 and an SEM column 100 oriented at 45 degrees aimed at a spot about 50 mm from the FIB target on a work piece 600, for example, a 300 mm silicon wafer. The objective lens of SEM column 100 is positioned about 1.4 mm from the target point. FIG. 6 shows the orientation of the various components viewed from underneath, that is, with the axis of the ion beam column 102 extending into the page. FIG. 7 shows a partial cross sectional view of the system of FIG. 6. FIG. 6 shows that the flood gun 204 is preferably positioned in a vertical plane that is ninety degrees clockwise, when viewed from below, from the vertical plane containing the SEM 100.

FIG. 7 shows that the flood gun 204 is oriented at an angle 702 of preferably about 40 degrees from the horizontal and that the end of the flood gun is positioned a distance 704 of about 8 mm from the target. FIG. 6 also shows part of the secondary particle detector 205 that detects electrons which were collected through the objective lens of the SEM and then were deflected off axis to a scintillator, which converts the electrons to light which is then routed out of the vacuum chamber via a light pipe to a detector.

Secondary Particle Detector for FIB

The FIB system typically includes a secondary particle detector 205, such as a channel detector electron multiplier (CDEM) that detects secondary particles that are generated when ions in the primary ion beam impact the work piece. Typically, such particle detectors can detect either electrons or ions, depending upon the voltages applied to the collector.

Another problem caused by the magnetic field of the SEM objective is that some of the secondary particles emitted from the target are deflected away from the input of the secondary particle detector. FIG. 8 is a charged particle simulation, showing ion beam column 102, particle detector 205, and trajectories 802 of secondary electrons. Particle detector 205 includes a screen 804 held at a positive electrical potential to attract electrons and an input 806 through which electrons pass to enter detector 205. FIG. 8 shows that, in the presence of the magnetic field from the SEM objective lens, most of the electrons generated at the work piece surface by the impact of the ions in the primary beam do not enter input 806 and are not therefore detected.

The problem is solved by strategically positioning the secondary particle detector, so that the magnetic field of the objective lens bends the trajectories of the secondary particles toward the input of the detector. The ideal position and orientation for the detector can be determined using a simulation in a manner similar to the manner in which the position of the flood gun above was positioned. FIG. 9 shows that with proper placement and orientation of the detector, secondary particles generated by primary ion beam 902 follow trajectories 904 that lead them to the input of detector 205 in the presence of magnetic field 302. FIG. 10 is a simulation showing trajectories 1002 of electrons generated by the impact of the primary ion beam from FIB 102. FIG. 10 shows that all of the particles enter the input 806 of particle detector.

FIG. 6 shows that the secondary particle detector 205 is preferably located in a vertical plane that is perpendicular to a vertical plane containing the SEM optical axis. If a flood gun is present, the particle detector is located in the same vertical plane as the flood gun, but on the opposite side of the system, that is, the particle detector is in a half plane rotated 90 degrees clockwise (looking from above) from the half plane containing the SEM. FIG. 7 shows that the particle detector is oriented at an angle 710 of about 30 degrees from the work piece surface and that the detector is positioned a distance 712 of about 0.6 mm above the surface of work piece 600. The FIB column 102 is positioned a distance 720 of about 16 mm above surface 600.

In another embodiment, a secondary particle detector 810 (shown in dashed outline) could be positioned as shown in FIG. 8 at a place where the secondary particles would enter the detector, although this position could physically interfere with the flood gun, if one is present on the system.

SEM

One aspect of a preferred embodiment is the use of an SEM objective lens that has relatively constant thermal signature, even as the magnetic field is adjusted to change the focus. By constant thermal signature is meant that not only is the total power dissipation approximately constant in time, but the power dissipations at all spatial positions on the lens are also approximately constant in time. Such an SEM objective lens is described in assignee's co-pending application entitled “Improved Magnetic Lens,” of Bierhoff et al., filed Jul. 14, 2003, which is hereby incorporated by reference. The objective lens is preferably maintained in an energized state with approximately a constant current flowing through the SEM objective lens regardless of which beam is in use, and chilled cooling water flowing constantly to cool the lens. The system remains in thermal equilibrium and waits for the system to stabilize are eliminated.

FIG. 11 shows a preferred SEM column 100. The SEM includes a magnetic objective lens 1104 as described in the above-referenced patent application and preferably uses electrostatic deflection 1106. Using electrostatic deflectors allows both the electron beam and the ion beam to be controlled using similar mechanisms, which makes system operation easier. Electrostatic deflectors also allow for fast scanning and do not produce the heat variation of magnetic deflectors. If magnetic deflectors were used, the current in magnetic deflectors would need to change as the magnification of the microscope is changed. Changing the deflector current would change the heat output, which adversely affects the stability of the system.

Ion Beam

The magnetic field of the SEM lens also affects the trajectory of the ions in the primary ion beam. Although it is possible to steer the ion beam in a convention manner to compensate for the shift in position caused by the magnetic field, the resolution of the beam degrades in the presence of the magnetic field. Applicants have found that by using a liquid metal ion source of monoisotopic gallium, the resolution of the ion beam system is enhanced.

Naturally occurring gallium is dual isotopic, that is, it is a mixture of two isotopes: one isotope, which comprises about 60 percent of the atoms in naturally occurring gallium, has an atomic mass of about 69 and a second isotope, which comprises about 40 percent of the atoms in naturally occurring gallium, has an atomic mass of about 71. The two isotopes are deflected differently in a strong magnetic field, so the different isotopes will split into two beams, which impact the target at slightly offset spots. This “double spot” results in poor image quality and poor resolution micromachining.

FIG. 12 shows the path of gallium ions 1202 having an atomic mass of about 71 and gallium ions 1204 having an atomic mass of about 69 in the magnetic field 302 originating from the SEM objective lens. The magnetic field 302 is in a direction into the plane of the paper. FIGS. 13A and 13B shows FIB images formed using naturally occurring, dual isotopic gallium ions from a gallium liquid metal ion source in the presence of a magnetic field from a SEM objective lens. In FIG. 13A, the magnetic field strength is at a minimum strength and the image is relatively sharp. In FIG. 13B, the magnetic field strength is at a maximum strength, and the image is noticeably blurry.

FIG. 14 is similar to FIG. 12, but shows the use of monoisotopic gallium. Either of the two isotopes could be used. Monoisotopic gallium is used in time-of-flight mass spectrometers and so is readily available. FIG. 14 shows that with monoisotopic gallium, there is a single beam. FIGS. 15A and 15B shows FIB images formed using monoisotopic gallium ions from a gallium liquid metal ion source in the presence of a magnetic field from a SEM objective lens. In FIG. 15A, the magnetic field strength is at a minimum strength and the image is relatively sharp. In FIG. 15B, the magnetic field strength is at a maximum, and the image is still sharp.

Although the position of the beam landing will change as the magnetic field strength changes, the change in position can be compensated using the ion beam steering optics. There is no blurring in either image. Although monoisotopic gallium has been used in time-of-flight mass spectrometers, to applicants' knowledge it was not used in dual beam systems to overcome the problems caused by the action of the magnetic field on the gallium ion beam. FIG. 7 shows that the FIB is positioned a distance 714 of 16 mm above the surface of work piece 600.

Load Lock System

In a production environment, it is preferable that an operator can quickly move work pieces into and out of the dual beam system. Because the ion and electron beams operate in a vacuum chamber, it is necessary to open the chamber to remove or insert a work piece, and then the system must be evacuated again. The evacuation process is time consuming.

FIGS. 16A and 16B are block diagrams showing a preferred system 1602 that uses an “airlock” chamber 1604 that can be sealed and evacuated separately from a primary vacuum system 1606. A work piece can be inserted into the airlock chamber 1604, which is sealed and can be evacuated while the system 1602 is operating with a primary system vacuum chamber 1606 that is evacuated. After the airlock chamber 1604 is evacuated, it can be opened to the primary system vacuum chamber 1606 and work pieces can be exchanged between the two chambers without requiring primary system vacuum chamber 1606 to be opened to the atmosphere. A robotic arm 1608 loads a work piece, such as wafer 1609, onto a wafer holder (not shown) in airlock chamber 1604. A frame 1612 supports the primary vacuum chamber and the robotic arm 1608.

The airlock chamber 1604 preferably accommodates at least two work pieces, so that it can hold a new work piece and a completed work piece. The airlock chamber 1604 preferably has a small volume to reduce the time required to evacuate it.

The high resolutions of the SEM and FIB make the system sensitive to vibration. The primary vacuum chamber 1606, to which the ion and electron beam columns are mounted, “floats” on pneumatic cylinders 1610 above the system frame 1612 to stop the transmission of vibration from the floor. System 1602 typically includes an automatic leveler (not shown) that adjusts the air in the pneumatic cylinders 1610 so that the vacuum chamber 1606 system is level as it floats. To move the work piece to or from the airlock chamber 1604, it is necessary to “unfloat” the primary chamber 1606 and precisely position the airlock chamber 1604 so that the robotic arm 1608 can accurately locate and lift the work piece into or out of the airlock 1604. In the prior art, this alignment typically entailed deflating the pneumatic cylinders 1610 that supports the primary chamber 1606. Deflating the pneumatic cylinders 1610 takes time.

In a preferred embodiment, rather than deflating the pneumatic cylinders 1610, the primary chamber 1606 is forced up into a mating position, rather than being lowered into a mating position. The chamber can be forced up, for example, using a pneumatic or hydraulic cylinder 1620, an electric motor, or other means. The primary chamber 1606 is positioned, for example, by using two mating structures, one mating structure 1622 mounted on the primary vacuum chamber 1606 and a second mating structure 1624 mounted on the frame 1612.

For example, one or more acorn nuts mounted on the floating primary chamber can be forced into one or more mating holes mounted on the fixed system frame. Other alignment structures are well known. As the floating portion is forced up, the acorn nuts are forced into holes to align the primary chamber in three dimensions. One the airlock is aligned with the primary vacuum chamber, a robotic arm 1608 mounted on the frame can move a work piece to the airlock and retrieve a wafer from the airlock. Preferably, the automatic leveling is turned off, and only the side of the primary chamber by the air lock is forced up. The slight angle of the primary chamber resulting from forcing only one side up does not interfere with the work piece transfer. After the work pieces are transferred, the primary chamber is released by cylinder 1620 and settles back onto the pneumatic cylinders 1610, the automatic leveling is activated, and system operation can continue. By docking in the “up” position, a significant amount of time is saved by making it unnecessary to deflate and then reinflate the pneumatic cylinders.

Although the present invention and its advantages have been described in detail, it should be understood that various changes, substitutions and alterations can be made herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. Moreover, the scope of the present application is not intended to be limited to the particular embodiments of the process, machine, manufacture, composition of matter, means, methods and steps described in the specification. As one of ordinary skill in the art will readily appreciate from the disclosure of the present invention, processes, machines, manufacture, compositions of matter, means, methods, or steps, presently existing or later to be developed that perform substantially the same function or achieve substantially the same result as the corresponding embodiments described herein may be utilized according to the present invention. Accordingly, the appended claims are intended to include within their scope such processes, machines, manufacture, compositions of matter, means, methods, or steps. 

1. A dual beam system, comprising: an ion beam column for producing a primary ion beam; and an electron beam column having a magnetic objective lens where the total power dissipation is approximately constant in time and the power dissipations at all spatial positions on the lens are also approximately constant in time as the strength of the focusing field is varied.
 2. The system of claim 1 further comprising a secondary particle collection device for collecting secondary particles generated by the primary ion beam, the secondary particle collection device positioned so that the magnetic field of the electron beam column assists in steering the secondary electrons to the secondary electron collection device.
 3. The system of claim 1 further comprising an electron gun to provide charge neutralizing electrons, the electron gun positioned so that the magnetic field of the electron beam column assists in steering the neutralizing electrons to the target point of the focused ion beam column, the electron gun including steering electrodes to adjust the electron path to compensate for changes in the magnetic field.
 4. The system of claim 3 in which the electron gun includes a four electrode element that focuses and steers the electron beam.
 5. The system of claim 1 in which the focused ion beam column includes a source of monoisotopic gallium ions.
 6. The system of claim 1 in which the ion beam column is a focused ion beam column.
 7. The system of claim 1 in which the ion beam column is a shaped ion beam column.
 8. The system of claim 1 in which the electron beam column includes a magnetic immersion objective lens and electrostatic deflectors.
 9. The system of claim 1 in which the magnetic objective lens includes primary and secondary coil sections, each having coil turns for generating additive magnetic fields.
 10. The system of claim 9 in which the magnetic objective lens is cooled by water.
 11. The system of claim 9 in which current flowing through the magnetic objective lens remains substantially constant as the focus of the magnetic objective lens is adjusted.
 12. The system of claim 1 in which the ion beam column has an ion impact point and the electron beam column has an electron impact point, the ion impact point and the electron impact point being offset and further comprising a movable stage for accurately moving a target point on a work piece between the two impact points.
 13. The system of claim 12 further including a height sensor to maintain raise or lower the work piece as the target point is repositioned between the impact points of the beams.
 14. The system of claim 1 further comprising a turret onto which the ion beam column and the electron beam column are mounted, the turret including covered openings, the covers being removable for mounting system accessories onto the turret.
 15. The system of claim 14 further comprising a gas injection system mounted attached to the turret.
 16. A dual beam system, comprising: an ion beam column for producing a primary ion beam; and an electron beam column having a magnetic objective lens, said magnetic objective lens comprising primary and secondary coil sections each having coil turns for generating additive magnetic fields thereby forming a resultant beam focusing field, the primary coil section having a larger number of coil turns than the secondary coil section, the sections being configured to have an approximately constant thermal signature as the strength of the focusing field is varied.
 17. The system of claim 16 wherein the secondary coil section is sufficiently responsive for implementing dynamic focusing when it is driven with a dynamic focusing current.
 18. The system of claim 16 in which the ion beam column has an ion impact point and the electron beam column has an electron impact point, the ion impact point and the electron impact point being offset and further comprising a movable stage for accurately moving a target point on a work piece between the two impact points.
 19. The system of claim 18 further including a height sensor to maintain raise or lower the work piece as the target point is repositioned between the impact points of the beams.
 20. The system of claim 16 further comprising a turret onto which the ion beam column and the electron beam column are mounted, the turret including covered openings, the covers being removable for mounting system accessories onto the turret.
 21. The system of claim 20 further comprising a gas injection system mounted attached to the turret.
 22. The system of claim 1 in which the magnetic objective lens includes primary and secondary coil sections, each having coil turns for generating additive magnetic fields, the primary coil section having a larger number of coil turns than the secondary coil section. 